Symptomatic Aortic Arch Floating Thrombus In A Patient With "Bovine Arch".

Bovine arch is an aortic arch variant in which the left common carotid artery and the brachiocephalic trunk share the same origin. Several vascular pathologies, as aneurysm, dissection or strokes have an increased prevalence in patients with this anatomic variant. We describe the first reported case of a young patient with a symptomatic aortic arch floating thrombus in association with a bovine arch.

Acute arterial ischemia in COVID-19.

Since the coronavirus pandemic set in in Spain in March 2020, a noteworthy increase in the incidence of acute limb ischemia (ALI) has been observed. It has been recently discovered that SARS-CoV 2 may lead to ALI secondary to arterial thrombosis. Elevation of D-dimer (DD) in patients with coronavirus infection (COVID-19) indicates that a hypercoagulable state causes acute arterial thrombosis. A remarkably high DD elevation has been reported to be a poor prognosis factor in COVID-19. The ways in which SARS-CoV 2 results in arterial thrombosis may be multiple. On the other hand, surgical revascularization for ALI is associated with poor outcomes in COVID-19 patients, probably in relation to hypercoagulability. Here, we describe two ALI cases in patients who required urgent surgical treatment for limb salvage and were positive for the novel coronavirus infection (COVID 19).

Desde que a pandemia pelo novo coronavírus se estabeleceu na Espanha, em março de 2020, um aumento notável da incidência de isquemia aguda de membros foi observado. Recentemente, descobriu-se que o coronavírus 2 causador da síndrome respiratória aguda grave (SARS-CoV-2) pode ocasionar isquemia aguda de membros secundária à trombose arterial. A elevação do D-dímero em pacientes acometidos pela doença do novo coronavírus (COVID-19) indica o estado de hipercoagulabilidade como causa da trombose arterial aguda. Vale destacar que a alta elevação do D-dímero foi relatada como um fator de prognóstico reservado na COVID-19. Há diversas maneiras pelas quais o SARS-CoV-2 pode resultar em trombose arterial. Em pacientes com COVID-19, a revascularização cirúrgica para isquemia aguda de membros está associada a desfechos desfavoráveis, provavelmente relacionados a hipercoagulabilidade. Descrevemos dois casos de isquemia aguda de membros de pacientes que necessitaram de tratamento cirúrgico de urgência para salvamento de membro e que haviam testado positivo para COVID-19.

Acute arterial ischemia in COVID-19 / Isquemia arterial aguda em pacientes com COVID-19

Abstract Since the coronavirus pandemic set in in Spain in March 2020, a noteworthy increase in the incidence of acute limb ischemia (ALI) has been observed. It has been recently discovered that SARS-CoV 2 may lead to ALI secondary to arterial thrombosis. Elevation of D-dimer (DD) in patients with coronavirus infection (COVID-19) indicates that a hypercoagulable state causes acute arterial thrombosis. A remarkably high DD elevation has been reported to be a poor prognosis factor in COVID-19. The ways in which SARS-CoV 2 results in arterial thrombosis may be multiple. On the other hand, surgical revascularization for ALI is associated with poor outcomes in COVID-19 patients, probably in relation to hypercoagulability. Here, we describe two ALI cases in patients who required urgent surgical treatment for limb salvage and were positive for the novel coronavirus infection (COVID 19).

Resumo Desde que a pandemia pelo novo coronavírus se estabeleceu na Espanha, em março de 2020, um aumento notável da incidência de isquemia aguda de membros foi observado. Recentemente, descobriu-se que o coronavírus 2 causador da síndrome respiratória aguda grave (SARS-CoV-2) pode ocasionar isquemia aguda de membros secundária à trombose arterial. A elevação do D-dímero em pacientes acometidos pela doença do novo coronavírus (COVID-19) indica o estado de hipercoagulabilidade como causa da trombose arterial aguda. Vale destacar que a alta elevação do D-dímero foi relatada como um fator de prognóstico reservado na COVID-19. Há diversas maneiras pelas quais o SARS-CoV-2 pode resultar em trombose arterial. Em pacientes com COVID-19, a revascularização cirúrgica para isquemia aguda de membros está associada a desfechos desfavoráveis, provavelmente relacionados a hipercoagulabilidade. Descrevemos dois casos de isquemia aguda de membros de pacientes que necessitaram de tratamento cirúrgico de urgência para salvamento de membro e que haviam testado positivo para COVID-19.

Actualización y algoritmos de toma de decisión en el manejo del aneurisma aórtico abdominal roto / Update and decision making algorithms on the management of ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysms

La rotura de un aneurisma aórtico abdominal (AAA) es un evento altamente letal que continúa asociada a una alta mortalidad, a pesar de su disminución en las últimas dos décadas, asociada a la adopción de la cirugía endovascular como primera línea de tratamiento y a avances en el manejo anestésico y perioperatorio. La actuación frente a un AAA roto (AAAr) puede dividirse en cuatro etapas: diagnóstico, manejo perioperatorio, cirugía y posoperatorio. En el marco de las guías americana y europea sobre manejo de AAAr y de la Guía NICE, se expone una actualización de los puntos críticos en cada etapa: desde el papel diagnóstico clave del angio-TAC hasta el manejo de complicaciones posoperatorias, como el síndrome compartimental abdominal. La creación de protocolos y algoritmos basada en la evidencia ayuda en la toma de decisiones y disminuye el tiempo desde el diagnóstico hasta el control hemorrágico, esencial para la supervivencia

A ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm (rAAA) is a highly lethal event remaining associated with a high overall mortality, in spite of the reduction in the mortality from rAAA over the last two decades linked with the adoption of an endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) as the forefront strategy, as well as the advances in perioperative critical care practices. Management of a rAAA can be divided into four stages: diagnosis, perioperative management, surgical repair and postoperative period. Within the framework of American and European clinical practice guidelines on the management of abdominal aortic aneurysms and NICE guideline, all of them recently published, updated critical issues for each stage are shown. From the key role of CT angiogram for the diagnosis to the postoperative complications, such as abdominal compartment syndrome The creation of evidence-based protocols and algorithms for rapid diagnosis and treatment aids to make decisions and at the same time it will reduce the time since diagnosis to control of hemorrhage, which is essential for survival

Successful Management of a Type B Gutter Related Endoleak after Chimney EVAR by Coil Assisted Onyx Embolisation.

INTRODUCTION: The aim was to describe possible management of a persistent gutter related type Ia endoleak after treatment of a symptomatic pararenal aortic aneurysm with the chimney endovascular technique. REPORT: A 77 year old man with a symptomatic 6 cm pararenal aortic aneurysm was referred. Computed tomography angiography (CTA) showed a pararenal aortic aneurysm with involvement of both renal arteries and extension up to the superior mesenteric artery. The patient underwent treatment by placement of triple chimney grafts and an abdominal stent graft. Completion angiography showed a gutter related type Ia endoleak. As the type Ia endoleak persisted at the three month CTA follow up and according to the PERICLES registry classification of endoleaks, a type B causative mechanism was detected. Embolization of the gutters was performed with coils and onyx, leading to complete resolution of the gutters on completion angiography. The 10 month post-operative magnetic resonance angiogram showed no further evidence of any endoleak and complete exclusion of the aneurysm. CONCLUSION: Treatment of persistent type B gutter related endoleaks after triple chimney endovascular aneurysm repair can be performed with the placement of coils and adjunctive use of fluid agents.

Reparación endovascular versus cirugía abierta en el tratamiento de la rotura de aneurisma abdominal / Endovascular repair versus open surgery in patients in the treatment of the ruptured of aneurysms abdominal

INTRODUCCIÓN: La rotura del aneurisma aórtico (AAAr) continúa siendo un reto para el cirujano, presentando una alta mortalidad perioperatoria. El objetivo de nuestro estudio es describir el tipo de población afectada comparando mortalidad y complicaciones en pacientes intervenidos mediante cirugía abierta y reparación endovascular (REVAr) en nuestro centro. MÉTODOS: Base de datos con 82 AAAr intervenidos entre enero de 2002-diciembre de 2014, estudiándose 2 cohortes, una intervenida mediante cirugía abierta y otra con REVAr. Se analizan variables demográficas, clínicas, técnicas quirúrgicas, complicaciones y mortalidad perioperatorias. RESULTADOS: Ochenta y dos casos de AAAr intervenidos (varones: 80, mujeres: 2). Edad media 72 ± 9,6 años. El 76,8% se realizó mediante cirugía abierta. ANTECEDENTES: tabaco: 59,7%, alcoholismo: 19,5%, DM: 10,9%, HTA: 53,6%, dislipemia 30,5%. La clínica de presentación más frecuente fue dolor abdominal con irradiación lumbar: 71,9% (asociando síncope 20,7%). Mortalidad intrahospitalaria global 58,5%. El shock hemodinámico previo a intervención se asocia a una mayor mortalidad (p < 0,001). La anemia, leucocitosis, antecedentes médicos, tamaño aneurismático, sexo y edad no muestran asociación significativa con respecto a la mortalidad (p > 0,05). La presencia de aneurismas iliacos se asocia a mayor mortalidad (p = 0,0045). Mortalidad perioperatoria para REVAr: 42%, y en cirugía: 63,5% (p > 0,05). Estancia media menor en el grupo de REVAr (p > 0,05). CONCLUSIONES: El shock hemodinámico y la presencia de aneurismas iliacos parecen asociarse a una mayor mortalidad en ambos grupos. Encontramos diferencias clínicamente significativas en cuanto a mortalidad, complicaciones y estancia hospitalaria al comparar ambos grupos con mejores resultados para EVAR, sin embargo no son estadísticamente significativas

INTRODUCTION: Rupture of abdominal aortic aneurysm is still a difficult challenge for the vascular surgeon due to the high perioperative mortality. The aim of our study is to describe the characteristics of the population as well as to compare morbidity and mortality in patients undergoing open surgery or endovascular repair in our center. METHODS: Database with 82 rAAA between January 2002-December 2014, studying two cohorts, open surgery and endovascular repair. Epidemiologic, clinical, surgical techniques, perioperative mortality and complications are analyzed. RESULTS: 82 rAAA cases were operated (men: 80, women: 2). Mean age 72 ± 9.6 years. 76.8% (63 cases) was performed by open surgery. BACKGROUND: smokers 59, 7%, alcoholism 19.5%, DM 10.9%, AHT: 53.6%, dyslipidemia 30.5%. The most frequent clinical presentation was abdominal pain with lumbar irradiation: 50 cases (20.7% associating syncope). Overall hospital mortality was 58.5%. Hemodynamic shock prior to intervention was associated with increased mortality (p <.001). Anemia, leukocytosis, aneurysm size, sex and age did not show a statistically significant difference with respect to mortality (p>.05). The presence of iliac aneurysms was associated with increased mortality (p <.0045). Perioperative mortality in endovascular repair was 42%, and in open surgery was 63.5% (p > .05). Hospital stay was lower in the endovascular group (p = .3859). CONCLUSIONS: Hemodynamic shock and the presence of concomitant iliac aneurysms have a statistically significant association with perioperative mortality in both groups. We found clinically significant differences in mortality, complications and hospital stay when comparing both groups with better results for EVAR, without statistically significant differences

Endovascular repair versus open surgery in patients in the treatment of the ruptured of aneurysms abdominal. / Reparación endovascular versus cirugía abierta en el tratamiento de la rotura de aneurisma abdominal.

INTRODUCTION: Rupture of abdominal aortic aneurysm is still a difficult challenge for the vascular surgeon due to the high perioperative mortality. The aim of our study is to describe the characteristics of the population as well as to compare morbidity and mortality in patients undergoing open surgery or endovascular repair in our center. METHODS: Database with 82 rAAA between January 2002-December 2014, studying two cohorts, open surgery and endovascular repair. Epidemiologic, clinical, surgical techniques, perioperative mortality and complications are analyzed. RESULTS: 82 rAAA cases were operated (men: 80, women: 2). Mean age 72±9.6 years. 76.8% (63 cases) was performed by open surgery. BACKGROUND: smokers 59, 7%, alcoholism 19.5%, DM 10.9%, AHT: 53.6%, dyslipidemia 30.5%. The most frequent clinical presentation was abdominal pain with lumbar irradiation: 50 cases (20.7% associating syncope). Overall hospital mortality was 58.5%. Hemodynamic shock prior to intervention was associated with increased mortality (p <.001). Anemia, leukocytosis, aneurysm size, sex and age did not show a statistically significant difference with respect to mortality (p>.05). The presence of iliac aneurysms was associated with increased mortality (p <.0045). Perioperative mortality in endovascular repair was 42%, and in open surgery was 63.5% (p>.05). Hospital stay was lower in the endovascular group (p=.3859). CONCLUSIONS: Hemodynamic shock and the presence of concomitant iliac aneurysms have a statistically significant association with perioperative mortality in both groups. We found clinically significant differences in mortality, complications and hospital stay when comparing both groups with better results for EVAR, without statistically significant differences.

Duplicidad de vena cava inferior con puente de unión sobre aorta infrarrenal / Duplication of the inferior vena cava with a bridge over the infrarenal aorta

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Repair of bilateral true aneurysms of the dorsalis pedis artery.

Aneurysms of peripheral arteries are infrequent, with an incidence <1%. Dorsalis pedis artery (DPA) aneurysms are extremely rare, and most of them are pseudoaneurysms secondary to trauma or iatrogenic injuries. We report the first case of simultaneous (synchronous) bilateral DPA true aneurysms and how we repaired them. We review the literature on DPA true aneurysms and focus on the surgical management.

[Cerebral hyperperfusion syndrome in carotid revascularisation surgery]. / Síndrome de hiperperfusión cerebral en la cirugía de revascularización carotídea.

INTRODUCTION: Cerebral hyperperfusion syndrome (CHS) is a serious complication of carotid revascularisation surgery associated with both carotid endarterectomy and carotid stenting. AIM: To review the literature published to date on CHS with the aim of updating the data available on its incidence, pathophysiology, clinical features, risk factors, diagnosis, management and treatment. DEVELOPMENT: Carotid revascularisation surgery entails a transient increase in cerebral blood flow, and if this increase is more than 100% of the pre-operative value, then hyperperfusion occurs. Two pathophysiological mechanisms are involved in increasing cerebral blood flow: alteration of the cerebrovascular autoregulation mechanisms and increased post-operative systolic arterial pressure. CHS consists in the clinical triad headache, convulsions and focal neurological deficit, associated with arterial hypertension and the absence of cerebral ischaemia. If left undiagnosed, as it progresses it will lead to brain oedema, brain or subarachnoid haemorrhage and, finally, death. The main risk factors for CHS are: diminished haemodynamic reserve, post-operative arterial hypertension and hyperperfusion, which remains for several hours after the carotid recanalisation. Diagnosis is based on clinical suspicion and complementary tests, such as trans-cranial Doppler ultrasonography or single-photon emission tomography, which confirm the suspected hyperperfusion. The keystone on which treatment is based is prevention by strict control of the arterial pressure with drugs such as labetalol and clonidine. CONCLUSIONS: CHS is a serious, under-diagnosed complication of carotid revascularisation that the specialist must be aware of so that treatment can be established at an early stage, thereby reducing its high morbidity and mortality rate.

[Laparoscopy-assisted aortobifemoral bypass through the transperitoneal retrorenal approach]. / By-pass aortobifemoral con asistencia laparoscópica por vía transperitoneal retrorrenal.

The aim of laparoscopic vascular surgery in the aortoiliac segment is to replicate the excellent outcomes of open aortic surgery while providing the advantages of minimally invasive surgery. We report the case of a 49-year old man with disabling hip claudication and rest pain in his left lower extremity. On examination the patient had reduced right femoral pulse and absent pulses in his left lower extremity. Angiography revealed occlusive disease in the left aortoiliac segment and right common iliac artery stenoses. Laparoscopic aortobifemoral bypass was planned. The surgical technique included 70 degrees -right lateral decubitus position and retrorenal retrocolic dissection from the left common iliac artery to the left renal vein. Minilaparotomy consisted of aortic clamping, arteriotomy, and end-to-side aorto-prosthetic anastomosis with Dacron graft. Time to extubation was 5 hours; peristalsis was recovered 72 hours after surgery. The patient was discharged from hospital after cardiologic assessment 9 days after surgery.

By-pass aortobifemoral con asistencia laparoscópica por vía transperitoneal retrorrenal / Laparoscopy-assisted aortobifemoral bypass through the transperitoneal retrorenal approach

El objetivo de la cirugía vascular laparoscópica en el sector aortoilíaco es reproducir los excelentes resultados de la cirugía clásica minimizando la agresión quirúrgica. Presentamos el caso clínico de un varón de 49 años con claudicación invalidante en las caderas y dolor de reposo en el miembro inferior izquierdo (MII). A la exploración, el pulso femoral derecho era débil y había ausencia de pulsos en el MII. La aortoarteriografía demostró una oclusión ilíaca izquierda y un eje ilíaco derecho filiforme. Se consideró la opción quirúrgica de bypass aortobifemoral laparoscópico. La intervención quirúrgica se llevó a cabo con el paciente en decúbito lateral derecho de 70°; se realizó una disección aórtica retrocólica retrorrenal, desde origen de la arteria ilíaca primitiva izquierda hasta vena renal izquierda; la minilaparotomía consistió en pinzamiento aórtico, aortotomía y anastomosis aortoprotésica en terminolateral con dacron. Se extubó al paciente a las 5 h, que presentó peristalsis a las 72 h. Se le dio el alta ambulatoria tras revisión cardiología programada, al noveno día de la intervención (AU)

The aim of laparoscopic vascular surgery in the aortoiliac segment is to replicate the excellent outcomes of open aortic surgery while providing the advantages of minimally invasive surgery. We report the case of a 49-year old man with disabling hip claudication and rest pain in his left lower extremity. On examination the patient had reduced right femoral pulse and absent pulses in his left lower extremity. Angiography revealed occlusive disease in the left aortoiliac segment and right common iliac artery stenoses. Laparoscopic aortobifemoral bypass was planned. The surgical technique included 70°-right lateral decubitus position and retrorenal retrocolic dissection from the left common iliac artery to the left renal vein. Minilaparotomy consisted of aortic clamping, arteriotomy, and end-to-side aorto-prosthetic anastomosis with Dacron graft. Time to extubation was 5 hours; peristalsis was recovered 72 hours after surgery. The patient was discharged from hospital after cardiologic assessment 9 days after surgery (AU)

Angioleiomiosarcoma de la arteria carótida / Angioleiomyosarcoma of the carotid artery

Introducción. Las neoplasias de la cabeza y el cuello pueden invadir los vasos cervicales. La mayoría son del área otorrinolaringológica y, excepcionalmente, de partes blandas. El tratamiento incluye su extirpación con resección y reconstrucción vascular. Se presenta un caso de angioleiomiosarcoma carotídeo. Caso clínico. Mujer de 48 años con tumoración laterocervical derecha de consistencia sólida y dura y de crecimiento progresivo, adherida al tiroides, que desplaza el paquete vasculonervioso del cuello y comprime la vena yugular interna. En una primera intervención se extirpa un tumor encapsulado que se extiende desde el espacio retroclavicular hasta el ángulo mandibular; dicho tumor se considera un angioleiomioma. Tres años más tarde se produce una recidiva tumoral, y la paciente es intervenida de nuevo, pues es necesario seccionar la arteria carótida primitiva infiltrada y realizar una anastomosis terminoterminal (con la colaboración del Servicio de Cirugía Vascular). La biopsia revela un nuevo angioleiomioma con un aumento del índice mitótico. Un año después la paciente presenta una gigantesca masa cervical y es de nuevo intervenida conjuntamente por el Servicio de Cirugía Maxilofacial y el Servicio de Cirugía Vascular. Debido al englobamiento carotídeo, se reseca en bloque toda la lesión con la interposición de un injerto de dacron terminoterminal desde la arteria carótida primitiva proximal hasta la bifurcación carotídea. El informe anatomopatológico comunica angioleiomiosarcoma. Conclusión. La colaboración de especialistas en cirugía vascular en intervenciones complejas de tumores cervicales puede permitir resecciones más amplias seguidas de reconstrucción vascular, y evitar así recidivas y mejorar el pronóstico

Introduction. Neoplasias of the head and neck can lead to invasion of the cervical vessels. Most of these occur in the ORL area and are, exceptionally, soft tissue tumours. Treatment involves removal with resection and vascular reconstruction. We report a case of carotid angioleiomyosarcoma. Case report. A 48-year-old female with a slow-growing, hard, solid tumour on the right side of the neck which was attached to the thyroid gland and displaced the neurovascular bundle of the neck and compressed the internal jugular vein. In the first intervention an encapsulated tumour that ran from the retroclavicular space to the mandibular angle was removed; this tumour was considered to be an angioleiomyoma. Three years later, a tumour reappeared, and the patient was submitted to surgery again, since it was necessary to perform the section of the primitive carotid artery under anaesthesia and also an end-to-end anastomosis (with the collaboration of the Vascular Surgery Service). A biopsy study revealed a new angioleiomyoma with an increased mitotic index. A year later the patient presented with a huge cervical mass and was newly submitted to surgery carried out by a joint team from the Maxillofacial Surgery and the Vascular Surgery Services. Due to the carotid ballooning, the whole lesion was excised and an end-to-end dacron graft was placed from the proximal primitive carotid artery to the carotid bifurcation. Pathological report: angioleiomyosarcoma. Conclusions. The collaboration between specialists in vascular surgery in complex procedures carried out to treat cervical tumours can make it possible to perform wider resections followed by vascular reconstruction, thus preventing recurrences and improve the patient’s prognosis

Cirugía vascular por laparoscopia: vías de abordaje de la aorta abdominal / Laparoscopic vascular surgery: access approaches to the abdominal aorta

Introducción. La posibilidad de aplicar técnicas mínimamente invasivas, como es la cirugía laparoscópica, a la patología de la aorta abdominal, isquémica o aneurismática, es una realidad para aquellos grupos que han sabido superar una curva de aprendizaje exigente y que han alcanzado tiempos totales prácticamente similares a los que se manejan en cirugía abierta tradicional. Objetivo. Divulgar el conocimiento de estas técnicas. Se ha descrito recientemente una serie de nuevas vías que facilitan y hacen más repetible estos abordajes, incluso en pacientes obesos y con enfermedades intercurrentes. Realizamos una revisión y una descripción detallada de todas ellas, así como un repaso de las empleadas anteriormente, para facilitar la difusión de éstas a todo el colectivo de cirujanos vasculares. Desarrollo. Describimos de forma sistemática las tres vías frontales, así como la dorsal retroperitoneal, con toda la información necesaria que posibilitará la disección de la aorta abdominal yuxta e infrarrenal. La disección y la sutura son las dos fases imprescindibles que permitirán la realización del bypass protésico de forma totalmente laparoscópica. Conclusiones. Las vías de abordaje descritas permiten una disección repetible de la aorta abdominal una vez superadas las exigencias de la curva de aprendizaje (AU)

Introduction. Applying minimally invasive techniques, such as laparoscopic surgery, to ischaemic or aneurysmal pathologies of the abdominal aorta is a real possibility for groups that have managed to overcome a demanding learning curve and which have reached total times that are practically the same as those usually required in traditional open surgery. Aims. Our aim was to report on these techniques and make them more widely known. Recent reports have described a series of new accesses that make these approaches more straightforward and easier to repeat, even in patients who are obese and with intercurrent diseases. We offer a review and detailed description of all of them, together with an appraisal of previously used techniques, in order to make them more widely known among vascular surgeons. Development. We provide a systematic description of the three frontal, as well as the retroperitoneal dorsal, accesses together with all the information needed to dissect the juxtarenal and infrarenal abdominal aorta. Dissection and suturing are the two crucial phases that will allow us to perform the bypass graft in a totally laparoscopic manner. Conclusions. The surgical approaches described here allow for repeatable dissection of the abdominal aorta once the requirements of the learning curve have been overcome (AU)

Tumores del glomus carotídeo: estudio de 11 años / Carotid glomus tumours: an 11-year study

Introducción. Los tumores del glomus carotídeo son lesiones de crecimiento lento, hipervascularizados, infrecuentes, derivados de células paraganglionares de la cresta neural y que representan casi la mitad de todos los paragangliomas. Objetivo. Estudio retrospectivo de los tumores del glomus carotídeo tratados en nuestro servicio en los últimos 11 años. Pacientes y métodos. Siete casos en seis pacientes (uno bilateral). Edad media: 68 años (59-93 años). Dos hombres y cuatro mujeres. La forma de presentación más común fue una masa cervical pulsátil. Ningún paciente refería antecedentes familiares de paragangliomas. Se descartó enfermedad diseminada en todos los casos. Diagnóstico mediante angio-TAC (tomografía axial computarizada) y angiografía en todos los casos. Seis casos intervenidos (uno bilateral), mediante abordaje cervical y extirpación completa (resección subadventicial). En los tres últimos casos se practicó embolización preoperatoria. Ningún caso requirió reconstrucción vascular. Un caso no se intervino debido a la edad avanzada de la paciente. Resultados. Según los criterios de clasificación de Shamblin, un caso era de tipo III, tres de tipo II y dos de tipo I. Tamaño medio: 2,8 cm (1-4 cm). Ningún caso presentó criterios de malignidad. Las determinaciones de catecolaminas fueron normales. No hubo eventos cerebrovasculares intraoperatorios ni postoperatorios. Complicaciones menores: una disfonía leve y un granuloma con una fístula cutánea resuelta. En el seguimiento, dos pacientes han fallecido por causas independientes al paraganglioma; el resto permanece asintomático. Conclusiones. A pesar de la baja incidencia de los paragangliomas carotídeos, es una patología de indicación quirúrgica, que debe ser tratada por cirujanos vasculares, a fin de proporcionar altas tasas de curación y baja morbimortalidad

INTRODUCTION. Carotid glomus tumours are rare, slow-growing, hypervascularised lesions that derive from the paraganglionic cells of the neural crest and account for almost half of all paragangliomas. AIM. We conducted a retrospective study of the carotid glomus tumours treated in our service over the past 11 years. PATIENTS AND METHODS. The study involved seven cases in six patients (one was bilateral). Mean age: 68 years (59-93 years). Two males and four females. The most common form of presentation was a pulsatile mass in the neck. None of the patients had a history of paragangliomas in the family. Disseminated disease was precluded in all cases. All cases were diagnosed using angiography-CAT (computerised axial tomography) and angiography. Surgery was performed in six cases (one bilateral) and involved a cervical approach and complete removal (subadventitial resection). Pre-operative embolisation was carried out in the last three cases. None of the cases required vascular reconstruction. One case was not submitted to surgery due to the advanced age of the patient. RESULTS. According to the Shamblin classification criteria, one case was type III, three were type II and two were type I. Mean size: 2.8 cm (1-4 cm). None of the cases met malignancy criteria. Tests for catecholamines were normal. There were no intraoperative or post-operative cerebrovascular events. Minor complications: a mild dysphonia and a granuloma with resolved cutaneous fistula. In the follow-up two patients died due to causes that were not related to the paraganglioma; the others remained asymptomatic. CONCLUSIONS. Despite the low incidence of carotid paragangliomas, it is a pathology that requires surgery and must be treated by vascular surgeons in order to ensure high cure rates and low morbidity and mortality rates

Extirpación de sarcoma fibromixoide de bajo grado con resección y reconstrucción de arteria femoral / Surgical excision of a low-grade fibromyxoid sarcoma with resection and reconstruction of the femoral artery

Introducción. El sarcoma fibromixoide de bajo grado (SFMBJ) es un sarcoma de partes blandas caracterizado por una histología aparentemente benigna y un curso clínico indolente y maligno, como consecuencia del desarrollo de recurrencias locales y metástasis a distancia. La cirugía constituye el tratamiento de elección. Caso clínico. Varón de 17 años que presenta tumoración indolora en ingle derecha de 3 meses de evolución. En la primera exploración se aprecia un nódulo duro y fijo en ingle derecha, que con angio-RM se encuentra por delante de los vasos femorales. La punción aspirativa con aguja fina (PAAF) es compatible con tumor mesenquimal benigno, por lo que se opta por un tratamiento conservador. Tres años después, la masa experimenta un crecimiento rápido. Una segunda PAAF emite el diagnóstico de tumor mesenquimal, mixoide y fusocelular de baja agresividad. Los estudios de imagen revelan que el tumor afecta a la arteria femoral común derecha. Para la resección completa se necesita extraer en bloque el tumor con la arteria femoral y su bifurcación, con la interposición de un injerto de vena safena. El estudio anatomopatológico establece el diagnóstico de SFMBJ. Al existir infiltración tumoral de los bordes quirúrgicos, el paciente recibe radioterapia local externa. Conclusión. Tras 6 años de control clínico, el injerto vascular está permeable y no existen indicios de recidiva tumoral, ni local ni a distancia

INTRODUCTION. Low-grade fibromyxoid sarcoma (LGFMS) is a sarcoma affecting soft tissues that is characterised by apparently benign histological features and an indolent, malign clinical course resulting from the development of local recurrences and distant metastasis. Surgery is the referred treatment. CASE REPORT. We report the case of a 17-year-old male who had had a painless tumour in the right-hand side of the groin for 3 months. An initial exploration revealed a hard, fixed nodule in the right groin, which MR-angiography showed to be lying in front of the femoral vessels. Fine needle aspiration (FNA) is compatible with benign mesenchymal tumours, and conservative treatment was therefore chosen. Three years later, the mass began to grow quickly. A second FNA provided a diagnosis of a mesenchymal, myxoid, spindle-cell tumour with a low level of aggressiveness. Imaging studies revealed that the tumour affected the right common femoral artery. To perform the complete resection, the whole tumour had to be extracted in one piece along with the femoral artery and its bifurcation, and placement of a saphenous vein graft was carried out. A pathological study confirmed the diagnosis of LGFMS. Because the tumour had infiltrated into the surgical margins, the patient was submitted to local external radiotherapy. CONCLUSIONS. After 6 years of clinical control, the vascular graft remains patent and there are no signs of recurrence of the tumour, either locally or at a distance